Abstract: Background:Exposure to harmful smoke from household use of solid fuel had continuously contributed to childhood deaths in Nigeria. Objective:This study examined the effects of cooking fuels used by households on childhood mortality in Nigeria. The study derives its relevance from the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals |, 3 and 7, which focused on issues of poverty, good health, affordable and clean energy. Metheds:The 2013 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey dataset was used for analysis with a selection of 10,983 households. Results:The results show that level of education, wealth-status, place of residence and regional locations are factors influencing the use of solid fuel, and under-five mortality (P<0.01). Conclusion:Therefore, improved level of education, economic conditions, availability and provision of cheap and clean fuel will assist the poor to reduce usage of solid fuel, minimize exposure of young children to dangerous smoke and reduce childhood mortality in Nigeria. Keywords: Solid fuel; Cooking; Under-five Mortality; SDGs; Nigeria