| 1 |
Author(s):
Dookie S, Singh S, Myburgh NG.
Page No : 3683-3693
|
Analysis of district oral health services in KwaZulu-Natal
Abstract
There is very little published data on public oral health services in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN). This paper
analyzes oral health service delivery within the Department of Health in KZN.
Methods
The study used an in-depth, analytical and mixed methods approach with a combination of primary and
secondary data. The primary data included telephonic interviews. The secondary data comprised a
review of health policy documents and statistical records on oral health services in KwaZulu-Natal.
Document review comprised || purposively selected national and provincial health and oral health
policy documents. Structured telephonic interviews were conducted with purposively selected district
oral health managers (n= 10). Statistical records for the period 2010 to 2012 were obtained from the
KZN District Health Information System. Data analysis included content analysis for the health policy
documents and thematic analysis for the interview data. The quantitative data was analyzed using the
statistical software package for social sciences SPSS version 23.0.
Results
Five of the reviewed policy documents made reference to oral health care. The majority of the
interview participants indicated that oral health service delivery in KwaZulu-Natal was inadequate. The
themes that arose from data analysis included lack of human resources, dental equipment and
consumables, and inadequate dental education and promotion programmes. Data on oral health service
delivery indicated imbalances in the distribution of dental facilities and oral health workers. Although
there was an increase in dental visits for the required period, dental extractions remained the most
frequent clinical procedure.
Conclusion
There is an urgent need to re-orient oral health service delivery with a stronger commitment to disease
prevention and oral health promotion.
Keywords: oral health; primary health care; district health services; policy
| 2 |
Author(s):
Abel Nzabona & James Ntozi.
Page No : 3694-3705
|
Does education influence the value of older persons? Assessing socio- demographic determinants of older persons’ value in Uganda
Abstract
Although older persons make substantial contribution to their communities, there is paucity of
information on determinants of their value in Uganda. This study of 605 older persons from 4 rural
districts and one urban centre examines socio-demographic determinants of the value of older persons
in the country. The findings from a binary logistic regression indicate that older persons who were aged
60-69, educated to primary and above, owned land, with migrant children, with limb ill-health and lived
in the Western, Northern and Kampala urban regions of the country were more likely to have high
aggregate value than those who were aged 80+, uneducated, landless, with no migrant children, with
no limb ill-health and lived in the Central region. It is recommended that later-life socioeconomic
programmes be designed, learner access and retention in education system be increased and a special
age fund be established for all.
Key Words: Value Aggregate value
| 3 |
Author(s):
Michel Garenne.
Page No : 3703-3723
|
Record high fertility in sub-Saharan Africa in a comparative perspective
Abstract
The study documents cases of extremely high fertility in sub-Saharan Africa. The DHS surveys were
used for the analysis, with straightforward calculations of period and cohort fertility. Two case studies
were further analysed: Kenya (1965-69) and Niger (1982-86). In both cases, total fertility in rural areas
reached 9 children per woman, as high as among the Hutterites of North-America (1921-1940).
However, the complete family size never exceeded 8.0 children per woman in Kenya (cohorts |939-
1946) and 8.2 children per woman in Niger (cohorts 1960-1967). Compared with the Hutterites, in
both African countries the age pattern of fertility was earlier and with a lower mode, age at marriage
was earlier, birth intervals were longer because of long breastfeeding, and secondary infertility was
more frequent after the 5th birth. Other proximate determinants of fertility appeared similar in the
three populations, with the probable exception of health and nutritional status. Implications for
modelling are discussed.
Key words: Natural fertility; Maximum fertility; Proximate determinants; Nuptiality; Primary infertility;
Secondary infertility; Breastfeeding; Kenya; Niger; Hutterites; sub-Saharan Africa
| 4 |
Author(s):
E. O Udjo.
Page No : 3724-3736
|
Dynamics of communicable diseases mortality in South Africa, 2000-2013
Abstract
Context/Background: Communicable diseases dominate non-communicable diseases as causes of
death in Africa. However, knowledge about their dynamics in the region is limited. This study examines
the dynamics of communicable diseases mortality during the period 2000-2013 in South Africa.
Data Sources and Methods: The data consisted of death records from South Africa’s death
registration system utilizing International Classification of Diseases Revision 10 codes. The estimates
included computing age standardized death rates and logistic regression of factors associated with
communicable diseases deaths.
Results: Communicable diseases’ deaths contributed at least a third to total deaths in South Africa in
2013.
Conclusion: Despite the roll out of free anti-retroviral therapy in public health facilities since 2004 and
contrary to what some other researchers have argued, death rates from HIV/AIDS as underlying cause
of death, increased during the period 2000-2013.
Keywords: Communicable diseases, Epidemiological transition, HIV/AIDS, Mortality, South Africa,
Standardized death rates
| 5 |
Author(s):
Olanrewaju Olaniyan, Noah Olasehinde, Adewuyi Akintaro, Olabisi Afolabi.
Page No : 3737-3751
|
Demand for heterosexual commercial sex services in Ibadan, Nigeria
Abstract
Context/Backgroud: This paper examines the demand for heterosexual commercial sex services in
Ibadan, Nigeria with specific focus on the sub-markets where different commercial sex activities are
usually traded. Identified players include commercial sex workers (females), clients (males) and
intermediaries (exploiters).
Data Sources & Method: This study employed multi-stage sampling procedure. At the first stage, the
most populous local government area in Ibadan was purposively selected; for the second stage, ten
locations where commercial sex work exists were purposively selected while eighteen (18) clients were
randomly and discretely selected from each of the sites at the last stage. The eventual sample size was
one hundred and sixty-eight (168) clients. The empirical model derived from the rational addiction
theory and it was estimated using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) technique.
Results: The results show that the demand is highly responsive to age, marital status, income, tastes
and preferences and the price (with respect to condom usage). Clubs/bars, streets and houses were the
highly patronised sub-markets, though the demand was increasing with short time and per night
services in some sub-markets, it was decreasing in others. The nature of risk became more pronounced
with clubs/bar clients being more risk loving while others were risk averse in other sub-markets based
on their respective significant condom usage.
Keywords: demand, heterosexual, Nigeria, commercial sex services, sub-markets
| 6 |
Author(s):
John .A. Mushomi, James. P.M. Ntozi & Gideon Rutaremwa.
Page No : 3752-3768
|
Migrant remittance behavior in Uganda: A household analysis
Abstract
Background: World over, development of nations is directly linked to migration since one in seven
people in the world is a migrant and a quarter of them, international migrants (Ratha, 2005). The
economic importance of international migrants has been demonstrated by international remittances
that are sent to families in the migrants’ home countries. According to World Bank, 2015, remittance
flows to developing countries were expected to reach $414 billion in 2013 (up 6.3 percent over 2012),
and $540 billion by 2016. Worldwide, remittance flows may reach $550 billion in 2013 and over $700
billion by 2016. Despite an increased interest in the role of international remittances at the international
level, sparse information that exists in Uganda reveals that little or no attention has been put on
examining whether remittances are invested in development or non- development ventures at
household level (Wamala, 2010). This research gap warrants a need for studies on understanding the
role of international remittances. Exploring the role of remittances and how it offers ingredients to
enhance the development potential for citizens is important. This will be a contribution to the
development in Uganda given that during the global financial crisis remittances proved resilient by falling
with a minimal margin compared to the foreign direct investment; private debt and portfolio equity
flows.
Data Sources: Data from the survey on personal transfers by Ugandans living abroad during the year
2010 is used. This survey was the fourth in a series of annual surveys jointly conducted by Bank of
Uganda and the Uganda Bureau of Statistics.
Methods: Complementary log-log regression model was used because of the small numbers of
households in the categories of interest (asymmetrically distributed). Survey weights were applied to
data in order to account for the complex survey design including clustering and stratification.
Results: Remittance receipt status was determined by region of the household, number of rooms in the
house, household main source of lighting fuel. Using remittances for development was determined by
sex of the household head, household regional location, house ownership status sex, marital status and
senders’ residence.
Conclusion: Results show that a household that had a member abroad also had higher chances of
receiving remittances compared to the household with no member abroad. Results on the contrary
found household and household head characteristics significantly associated with remittance receipt
status of a household. Use of international remittances for development of households was significantly
determined by sex of the household head, regional location of the household, house ownership status
and number of rooms in the house. It is therefore recommended that government should leverage
migration opportunities for women and also expand migration opportunities across all regions of the
country since it augments development for households with migrants
Keywords: Household, Migration, International remittances, Uganda.
| 7 |
Author(s):
Matthew Egharevba.
Page No : 3769-3786
|
Demographic dynamics, governance and the attainment of democratic development: The case of Nigeria
Abstract
The treatise on demography, democratic governance and development issue is an inclusive one that
emphasizes the need to create a social world for promoting people’s quality of life. Today, the
measurement of development as succinctly depicted by the 2000 to 2015 Millennium Development
Goals (MDGs) and Human Development Index (HDI) goes beyond the use of economic growth, per
capita income, to include how the benefits of that growth and income is widely distributed to expand
the people’s choice and capability to raise levels of living and enhance material well-being. The paper
opines that the challenge of development in Nigeria is not its population size and/or resource
endowments, but poor resource management and politicization of development agendas by the
‘leadership’ and its inability to holistically incorporate population issues and dynamics such as
reproductive healthcare, education and employment creation in its development strategies targeted at
poverty reduction. As an exploratory study, the paper utilized secondary sources of data collection
which include materials from international development institutions such as the UNDP, World Bank,
government reports, journals and textbooks in gathering information for the study. The data was
examined using the political economy theory of development, the elite theory and content analysis tool
to establish the connection among population, development and democratic governance. The paper’s
discussion and findings indicate that the political leaders and policy makers have consistently failed to
generate and adopt valid/reliable demographic data upon which appropriate policy interventions are
framed to address human centred development objectives. The paper showed that Nigeria’s socio-
econommic development policies are not all inclusive, just, equitable, pro-poor, and one that empower
the people with human centred rights to access basic life sustaining goods such as food, shelter,
protection, health, and better education that will enhance their material well-being and self esteem. The
paper conclude with the statement that the leadership must exercise the political will to invest
massively in human capital development for Nigeria to achieve the status of a democratic
developmental state and deliver the benefits of demographic dividend.
Keywords: Development, Governance, Well-being, Demography, Census, Democracy.
| 8 |
Author(s):
Zourkaleini Younoussi.
Page No : 3787-3798
|
Evolution des inégalités devant la mort (1992-2012) selon les caractéristiques de l’enfant: cas des enfants de moins de 5 ans au Niger.
Abstract
L’examen des différents résultats des Enquétes Démographiques et de Santé (EDS) réalisées au Niger
permet de constater que le niveau de la mortalité infanto-juvénile a diminué régulierement au cours des
vingt derniéres années en passant de 318 %o 4 127 %o entre 1992 et 2012. On note une mortalité
différentielle des enfants de moins de cing ans selon |’age, le sexe, le poids a la naissance, et l’intervalle
inter-génésique de l’enfant. A partir des résultats des quatre EDS (1992, 1998, 2006, 2012) et sur la
base de calculs d’indice d’évolution notre objectif est de mettre en évidence les évolutions des inégalités
selon ces différentes variables en fonction des différents quotients de mortalité (néonatale, post-
néonatale, infantile, juvénile). Nos résultats montrent que la baisse de la mortalité des enfants
s’'accompagne souvent d’une aggravation des inégalités devant la mort.
Mots clés: Mortalité, enfance, inégalités, Niger
Abstract
Evolution of the disparities in front of the death (1992-2012) according to the characteristics of the
child: case of the children of less than 5 years in Niger. The examination of the various results of the
Demographic and Health surveys (DHS) realized in Niger allows noticing that the level of the young
mortality decreased regularly during the last twenty years in passing from 318%o to 127%o between
1992 and 2012. We note a differential mortality of the less than five-year-old children according to the
age, the sex, the weight at the birth, and the preceding birth interval. From the results of four DHS (on
1992, on 1998, on 2006, on 2012) and on the basis of calculations of indication of evolution our
objective is to highlight the evolutions of the disparities according to these various variables according to
the various quotients of mortality (neonatal, post-neonatal, infantile, young). Our results show that the
reduction in the mortality of the children of often comes along with a worsening of the disparities in
front of the death.
Keywords: Mortality, child, disparities, Niger
| 9 |
Author(s):
Oyindamola B. Yusuf, Temitayo Odusote, Olusanmi lyabode, Joanna Nwosu, Tessie Phillips-Ononye, Ayo S. Adebowale, Elijah A. Bamgboye.
Page No : 3799-3809
|
How wealthy are orphans and vulnerable children households in a metropolitan community, South-West Nigeria?
Abstract
Context/Background: Responding to the needs of orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) remains a
public health challenge. In Nigeria, disparities in wealth among OVC has not been previously
documented. Therefore, this study determined the socio-economic status of Orphans and Vulnerable
Children (OVC) in relation to service areas in Lagos Nigeria.
Data Sources and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in five local government areas. A
child vulnerability assessment form was used to identify 6656 OVC households. A pretested semi-
structured questionnaire was used to collect information on socio-demographic characteristics, and
items relating to service areas: economy, education, food security, shelter, health and psychosocial
issues. Socio-economic status was measured by wealth index; developed using principal component
analysis.
Results: Child access to healthcare services was lower (46.2%) among poorer females compared to
males (50.0%). Access to legal protection was low in all socio-economic categories for both males and
females. Food insecurity was significantly higher in the lower wealth quintiles. The odds of adequate
shelter increased with increasing wealth quintiles.
Conclusion: There were considerable socio-economic inequalities in the access of orphans and
vulnerable children to the service areas.
Keywords: Wealth Index, Orphans and Vulnerable Children, SouthWest Nigeria.
| 10 |
Author(s):
TAMO MBOUYOU Eric Stéve, KAMGAING SIMO Floriane.
Page No : 3810-3822
|
De I’émigration interne a l’émigration internationale : Impact d’une stratégie de survie sur la pauvreté et les inégalités de revenu au Sénégal
Abstract
Cet article mesure impact des envois de fonds des migrants internes et internationaux sur la pauvreté
et les inégalités de revenu, a l’aide des données de I’« Enquéte migration et transferts de fonds au
Sénégal » réalisée par le Consortium pour la Recherche Economique et Sociale avec le soutien de la
Banque mondiale. En considérant les envois de fonds comme étant des substituts potentiels des gains
produits localement par le ménage en absence de migration, il ressort des analyses que ces fonds
améliorent significativement le bien-étre des bénéficiaires, grace notamment aux gains de
consommation qu’ils générent. Cependant, seuls les transferts internationaux permettent une baisse
significative du taux de pauvreté, au contraire des transferts internes qui eux n’ont pas d’impact. En
outre, comme seuls les ménages les plus aisés bénéficient le plus de ces deux types de transferts, cela a
pour conséquence un renforcement des inégalités.
Keywords: Migration, Envois de fonds, Pauvreté, Inégalités, Sénégal
| 11 |
Author(s):
Charl Alberts & Jabulani Gilford Kheswa.
Page No : 3823-3832
|
Social networks and sexual behaviour amongst adolescent females in one secondary school in Eastern Cape, South Africa
Abstract
This paper explores the impact of social network sites on the group of adolescent females’ sexual
behaviour attending one secondary school in Fort Beaufort, Eastern Cape, South Africa. It aims at
identifying the risks involved in online dating and deleterious effects on the psychological well-being
among twelve adolescent females, aged 15 -20 years. This study adopts Spence’s Signaling Theory,
Emmerson’ Sexual Exchange Theory and Ajzen and Fishbein’s Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB)
owing to their successful application in numerous studies on online communication and risky sexual
behaviour. A qualitative approach was used in this study and ethical principles were adhered to, during
data collection. The findings showed that dating strangers online by adolescents contributed towards
being vulnerable to depression, cyberbullying, physical abuse, and sexually transmitted infections. Based
on the findings, this study recommends parental emotional support and collaborative approach from the
educators and government to curb online dating among female youth.
Keywords: Communication, Cyberbullying, Dating, Harassment, Rape.
| 12 |
Author(s):
Blessing Uchenna Mberu & Alex Chika Ezeh.
Page No : 3834-3844
|
The Population Factor and Economic Growth and Development in Sub- Saharan African Countries
Abstract
Background: The consequences of rapid population growth for development and policy options for
addressing undesirable population trends remain at the core of demographic enquiry in developed and
developing countries. In this paper, we re-examine the data on the particular relationship between
population trends in sub-Saharan Africa and economic growth and development. We use case studies of
Zambia and Botswana to demonstrate the implications of different rates of population growth in the
push to eradicate different dimensions of extreme poverty and hunger.
Methods: We use extensive review of published and grey literature; the search of databases of the
United Nations and World Bank; and analysis of relevant secondary data.
Results: The economic profile of Botswana and Zambia were similar in the late 1960s but since the
early|980s, Botswana has maintained one of the world's highest economic growth rates, diversified its
economy and ranked as the most wealthy and most stable country on the African continent.
On the other hand, Zambia's economy lacked economic diversity, with heavy external indebtedness,and
high levels of poverty. We show how divergent demographic indicators (fertility levels, population growth
rates, and dependency ratios) for Botswana and Zambia since the 1960s offer understanding of their
divergent economic trajectories over the same period. Data from 42 SSA countries show that average
gender gap in primary enrolment is negatively associated with rates of population growth.
Conclusions: Our analysis highlights the inevitable role of population factors in achieving key development
goals and the need for interventions, such as investments in voluntary family planning, around alleviating
pressures caused by rapid population growth to poverty reduction, maternal and child mortality, and
women’s empowerment.
Key words: age difference, fertility, Uganda, partners, DHS.
| 13 |
Author(s):
James M. Van Leeuwen, Tinotenda Sekeramayi, Christine Martell, Michael Feinberg, Sam Bowersox-Daly.
Page No : 3845-3854
|
A Baseline Analysis of the Katanga Slums: Informing Urban Public Policy In Kampala, Uganda
Abstract
Although almost 25 percent of Ugandans live under the national poverty line, little is known about the
residents of the Kampala slums, especially pertaining to how conditions compare to other global
baselines and how existing conditions affect public policy and service delivery. This baseline analysis
evaluates a pilot study and three years of cumulative data, involving 452 records from the Katanga slums
collected from 2012 to 2015. The analysis examines access to health care, access to electricity, access
to technology/cell phones, and educational levels; 78.6 percent report having access to a doctor, 62.4
percent report having access to food, and 87.4 percent report having access to clean water. The results
can inform public policy and guide service delivery to more strategically target resources and
interventions. More importantly, they underscore the importance of establishing baseline studies in
similar settings as a way to gauge impact of community development programs.
Keywords: Katanga, slum, Uganda, international development, education, public health
