| 1 |
Author(s):
Simon Bekker and Lloyd Hill.
Page No : 2255-2274
|
Household language, residential segregation and social mobility: continuity and change in eThekwini, South Africa
Abstract
This article uses South African census data for 1996, 2001 and 2011 to explore the relationship
between language and social mobility in the metropolitan region of eThekwini (including what was
previously known as Durban). We focus particular attention on variables selected to shed light on
residential segregation and social mobility, such as education level, income, race and in-migration. Data
on adults at ward level (using 2011 ward boundaries) in eThekwini is used to develop a comparative
spatial context for this analysis. Our main finding is that English appears in eThekwini to be the
household language of the social elite as well as the language of upward mobility and empowerment.
Keywords: language; migration; urbanisation; eThekwini; South Afric
Résumé
Cet article utilise des données de recensement sud-africains en1996, 2001 et 2011 pour explorer la
relation entre la langue et la mobilité sociale dans la région métropolitaine d’eThekwini (y compris ce
qui était auparavant connu sous le nom de Durban). Nous nous concentrons en particulier sur les
variables sélectionnées pour éclaircir la ségrégation résidentielle et la mobilité sociale, indiqués par le
niveau d'éducation, le revenu, la race et 4 la migration. Les données sur les adultes au niveau de la
paroisse (‘ward’, en 2011) dans eThekwini sont utilisé pour développer un contexte spatial comparative
pour cette analyse. Notre principale conclusion est que l'anglais apparait dans eThekwini a étre la langue
des ménages de l'élite sociale ainsi que la langue de la mobilité sosiale vers le haut.
Mots-clés: langue; migration; urbanisation; eThekwini; Afrique du Sud
| 2 |
Author(s):
Georges Danhoundo Ph.D..
Page No : 2275-2282
|
L’insaisissable catégorie sociale d’enfants orphelins d’Afrique : de quoi parle- t-on?
Abstract
Il n’existe pas de définition qui permettrait toujours de dire sans ambiguité qui est un enfant orphelin.
Cet article analyse les défis et les enjeux autour de la définition ou du ciblage de la catégorie sociale
d’enfants orphelins en Afrique. Il s’appuie sur un ensemble de travaux scientifiques ainsi que mon
enquéte de terrain sur les logiques d’acteurs autour du soutien familial aux orphelins chez les Mossi, a
Ouagadougou, dans le cadre de mon doctorat en sociologie a | Université Laval (Canada). En effet, les
organisations d’aide a |l’enfance utilisent cette catégorie comme une représentation générale et
universelle de la vulnérabilité qui semble s’accorder avec la diffusion des messages d’information sur le
SIDA. Du point de vue des sciences sociales, cette catégorie recouvre des réalités diverses et le choix
d'une représentation universelle confronte a l’hétérogénéité des situations qu’elle englobe ainsi qu’a la
multiplicité des interprétations dont elle est l’objet.
Mots clés : enfant, orphelin, vulnérabilité, Mossi, catégorie
There is no definition of orphans that would allow to know without confusion who is an orphan child.
This article analyses the challenges and difficulties in defining and targeting the social category of
orphans. It is based on a number of works, as well as the field research on the social actor’s logics
regarding the family support to orphans among the Mossi people in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso), for
my Ph.D. in sociology at Laval University (Canada). In fact, international charity organisations use
orphans as a vulnerable and universal category. This has been done through the propagation of
information on HIV. From the social sciences perspective, the category of orphans covers a variety of
realities, and making the choice to see it otherwise would hide the diversity of those realities.
Keywords: child, orphan, vulnerability, Mossi, category
| 3 |
Author(s):
Daniel Francois Meyer & Rachel Nishimwe-Niyimbanira.
Page No : 2283-2295
|
The impact of household size on poverty: An analysis of various low-income townships in the Northern Free State region, South Africa
Abstract
Poverty is a multi-dimensional socio-economic problem in most sub-Saharan African countries. The
purpose of this study is to analyse the relationship between household size and poverty in low-income
communities. The Northern Free State region in South Africa was selected as the study region. A
sample of approximately 2 900 households was randomly selected within |2 poor communities in the
region. A poverty line was calculated and 74% of all households were found to live below the poverty
line. The Pearson’s chi-square test indicated a positive relationship between household size and poverty
in eleven of the twelve low-income communities. Households below the poverty line presented larger
households than those households above the poverty line. This finding is in contradiction with some
findings in other African countries due to the fact that South Africa has higher levels of modernisation
with less access to land for subsistence farming. Effective provision of basic needs, community facilities
and access to assets such as land could assist poor households with better quality of life. Poor
households also need to be granted access to economic opportunities, while also receiving adult
education regarding financial management and reproductive health.
Keywords: poverty, household size, low-income communities, Northern Free State, South Africa.'
----
Résumé
La pauvreté est un probleme socio-économique multidimensionnel dans la plupart des pays de l'Afrique
Sub-Saharienne. Le but de cette étude est d’analyser des rapports entre la taille du ménage et la
pauvreté dans des communautés a faible revenu. Le nord de la province de Free State en Afrique du
Sud a été choisi pour cette étude. Un échantillon environ de 2900 ménages a été aléatoirement
sélectionné dans |2 communautés pauvres de la région. Apres avoir calculé un seuil de pauvreté
monétaire, on a constaté que 74% de tous les ménages vivent en dessous du seuil de pauvreté. Le test
de Khi-deux de Pearson a indiqué un rapport positif entre la taille du ménage et la pauvreté sur onze
parmi les 12 communautés pauvres. La pauvreté est accentuée particulierement parmi les ménages de
large taille par rapport aux ménages de petite taille. Ces résultats obtenus contredisent quelques
résultats dans d’autres pays Africains par le fait qu’en Afrique du Sud la modernisation est trés avancés
avec moins d’accés a la terre pour l'agriculture de subsistance. Une efficace fourniture des besoins de
base, les aménagements communautaires et l'accés a des actifs tels que la terre pourraient aider les
ménages pauvres de mener une meilleure vie. Les ménages pauvres ont également besoins d'accés aux
opportunités économiques, a part de l’éducation en matiére de la gestion financiére et la santé
reproductive.
Mots clés : pauvreté, la taille du ménage, communautés avec un faible revenu, Free State nord, Afrique
du sud.
| 4 |
Author(s):
Wubegzier Mekonnen and Alemayehu Worku.
Page No : 2296-2305
|
The young, educated, minorities and the poor move out from south central Ethiopia.
Abstract
High population growth fragmented rural landholdings leading to low harvests and crop yields per acre
per annum creating surplus labour that may resort to migration as a coping mechanism in least
developing countries including Ethiopia. The main aim of the study is to assess trends and differentials of
out-migration in south central Ethiopia. The Butajira demographic surveillance system database from
1987 to 2008 was used to conduct event history analysis.
There were 3.97 out-migrations per 100 person years. Probability of out-migration was higher among
males, teenagers, the youth, completed primary and secondary plus education; not in marital union;
Christians, urbanites; lived in rented and owed house compared to their respective counterparts. The
higher chances of out-migration among these groups may have social and economic significance.
----
Exploitations rurales fragmentées de croissance élevée de la population conduisant a de faibles récoltes
et les rendements des cultures par acre par an travail création de surplus qui peut recourir a la
migration comme un mécanisme d'adaptation dans les pays en développement les moins dont |'Ethiopie
. L'objectif principal de l'étude est d'évaluer les tendances et les écarts de l'émigration dans le centre sud
Ethiopie. La base de données démographiques du systéme de surveillance Butajira 1987-2008 a été
utilisé pour effectuer une analyse de I'historique des événements . Il y avait 3,97 out -migrations pour
100 années-personnes . Probabilité d'émigration était plus élevé chez les hommes , les adolescents, les
jeunes , complété primaire et secondaire ainsi que l'éducation ; pas dans l'union conjugale ; Chrétiens ,
les citadins ; vécu dans la maison louée et due par rapport a leurs homologues respectifs . Les plus
grandes chances de l'émigration parmi ces groupes peuvent avoir une importance sociale et
économique .
Key Words: Butajira, Demographic Surveillance System, Ethiopia
| 5 |
Author(s):
Eshetu Gurmu' and Dula Etana.
Page No : 2306-2317
|
Factors Influencing Children’s Full Immunization in Ethiopia
Abstract
Child morbidity and mortality in Ethiopia is mainly due to vaccine preventable diseases. Although
numerous interventions have been made since the |980’s to increase vaccination coverage, the level of
full immunization is low in the country. This study examines factors influencing children’s full
immunization based on data on 1927 children aged |2-23 months extracted from the 2011 Ethiopian
Demographic and Health Survey. Multinomial logistic regression model was fitted to identify predictors
of full immunization. The result shows that only 24.3% of the children were fully immunized. There
was significant difference between regions in immunization coverage in which Tigray, Dire Dawa, and
Addis Ababa performed well. In Oromia, Afar, Somali, Benishangul-Gumuz, and Gambela regions, the
likelihood of children’s full immunization was significantly lower. Children born to mothers living in
households with better socio-economic status, with frequent access to media, and who visit health
facilities for antenatal care were more likely to be fully immunized. The results imply the importance of
narrowing regional differences, improving women’s socio-economic status and utilization of antenatal
care services, and strengthening culture-sensitive media campaign as a means of achieving full
immunization of all children.
Key words: Children, Immunization, Region, Ethiopia
---==
La morbiditéet la mortalité infantileen Ethiopieest principalement due auxmaladies évitables par
vaccination. Bien que de nombreusesinterventionsont été faitesdepuis les années !980pour
augmenterla couverture vaccinale, le niveau dela vaccination compléteest faibledans le pays. Cette
étude examine les facteurs qui influencent la vaccination compléte des enfants, basée sur les données
sur | 927 enfants agés de 12 4 23 mois extraites de |'Enquéte démographique et de santé 201 |
éthiopienne. Modéle de régression logistique multinomiale a été équipé d'identifier les prédicteurs de la
vaccination compléte. Le résultat montre que seulement 24,3% des enfants étaient complétement
vaccinés. Il y avait de différence significative entre les régions de la couverture vaccinale dans lequel
Tigray, Dire Dawa et Addis-Abeba ont bien performé. Dans Oromia, Afar, Somali, BenishangulGumuz,
et les régions de Gambela, la probabilité de la vaccination compléte des enfants était significativement
plus faible. Les enfants nés de méres de meilleur statut socio-6économique, avec un accés fréquent aux
médias, et qui visitent les établissements de santé pour les soins prénatals étaient plus susceptibles
d'étre complétement vaccinés. Les résultats impliquent l'importance de réduire les disparités régionales,
améliorer le statut socio-économique et l'utilisation des femmes des services de soins prénatals, et le
renforcement de la culture sensible campagne médiatique comme un moyen de parvenir a la
vaccination complete de tous les enfants.
Mots clés : Enfants, la vaccination, région, |'Ethiopie
| 6 |
Author(s):
Mumbi Chola and Charles Michelo.
Page No : 2318-2327
|
Examining underlying determinants of fertility rates in Zambia: Evidence from the 2007 Zambia Demographic and Health Survey
Abstract
Limited data exits on factors influencing fertility in Zambia. This study examined underlying
determinants of fertility patterns and levels in Zambia. Data extracted from the 2007 Zambia
Demographic and Health Survey was analysed using bivariate and multivariate logistic regression. Of
7146 women aged 15-49 years, age group 25-29 years experienced the highest prevalence of births
(28.5%). Married women accounted for 27% of all births. Women with low education recorded more
births (27%) than those with higher education (9.5%) (P<0.001). Fertility was higher among the
poorest (28%) compared to the richest (12%) (P<0.001). Though not statistically significant, urban
areas recorded more births (25%) than rural areas (15%). Education and wealth significantly influence
fertility Zambia. Fertility management strategies should consider these factors and their fertility
reducing effects. Improving education and wealth status of women can contribute to fertility reduction,
particularly rural women. Lower fertility, with reduced mortality and migration, would provide less
pressure on distribution of the limited economic resources of the country.
Key Words: Underlying determinants, Fertility, Education, Wealth, Zambia
Résumé
Des données limitées sort sur les facteurs influengant la féecondité en Zambie. Cette étude examine les
déterminants sous-jacents de taux de fécondité et les niveaux en Zambie. Les données extraites de
'Enquéte Démographique et de Santé de la Zambie de 2007 (NDHS) ont été analysées en utilisant
bivariées et régression logistique multivariée. Sur 7146 femmes agées de 15-49 ans; groupe d'age 25-29
ans a connu la plus forte prévalence des naissances (28,5%). Les femmes mariées représentaient 27%
de toutes les naissances. Les femmes peu scolarisées ont enregistré plus de naissances (27%) que ceux
de l'enseignement supérieur (9,5%) (P <0,001). En outre, la fécondité était plus élevée chez les plus
pauvres (28%) par rapport aux plus riches (12%) (P <0,001). Bien que non statistiquement
significative, les zones urbaines ont enregistré plus de naissances (25%) que dans les zones rurales
(15%). Evidemment, l'éducation et la richesse influent considérablement sur la fertilité Zambie. Les
stratégies de gestion de la fertilité devrait considération ces deux facteurs et leur fertilité diminuer les
effets. Améliorer l'éducation et la richesse statut des fermmes peut contribuer a la réduction de la
fertilité, particuligrement les femmes rurales. Baisse de la fécondité, couplé avec mortalité et de
migration réduite, offrirait moins de pression sur la distribution des ressources économiques limitées du
pays.
----
| 7 |
Author(s):
F. Habyarimana, T. Zewotir, and S. Ramroop.
Page No : 2328-2340
|
Key determinants of malnutrition of children under five years of age in Rwanda: Simultaneous measurement of three anthropometric indices
Abstract
Malnutrition of children is a serious problem to the public health, most especially in developing
countries. Based on Rwanda Demographic and Health Survey Data, the joint model of a
multivariate generalized linear mixed model is used to simultaneously identify the determinants
of malnutrition of children under five years of age in Rwanda using height-for-age, weight-for-
age and weight-for-height. Each anthropometric index has been categorized as malnourished
(Z-score value <-2.0) and nourished (Z-score value= —2.0). The study found that the age of
the child, gender of the child, birth weights, mothers knowledge of nutrition, birth order,
incidence of recent fever, multiple births, education level of the mother, age of the mother at
childbirth, body mass index, prevalence of anemia, province, source of drinking water and
wealth quintiles are the key determinants of malnutrition of children under five years of age in
Rwanda. A positive correlation between stunting and underweight and wasting and
underweight was found. Therefore this study suggests that when eradicating malnutrition of
children under five years of age, all three types of malnutrition should be corrected. It also
suggests strengthening the policy on educating people in planning the number of children born
to them
‘Keywords: Stunting, Underweight, Wasting, multivariate, Millennium Development Goals,
Joint modelling.
Résumé
La malnutrition des enfants est un problem grave de santé publique, surtout dans les pays en
development. Basé sur les données de lenquéte démographique et de santé au Rwanda, le
modéle conjoint d’un multivariée géneralisée de modéle linéaire mixte est utilizé pour
identifier simultanément les determinants de la malnutrition des enfants de moins de cing ans
au Rwanda en utilisant la taille-pour-age (retard de croissance), le poids-pour-age (insufisance
pondérale) et le poids-pour-taille (emaciation). Chaque indice anthropométrique a été classé
comme malnourri (Z-score<-2.0) et nourri (Z-score 2 -2.0). La recherche a révélé que l’age de
l'enfant, le sexe de l'enfant, le poids de l'enfant a la naissance, la connaissance de la mére sur
la nutrition, le rang de naissance de lenfant, lincidence de la fiévre récente, les naissance
multiples ,le niveau d’instruction de la mére, , lage de la mére 4a la naissance, lindice de
masse corporelle de la mere, la prevalence de l’anémie, la province de residence, source
d’eau potable et les quintiles de bien-étre économique de la famille sont les principaux
determinants de la malnutrition des enfants de moins de cing ans au Rwanda. Une correlation
positive entre le retard de criossance et linsuffisance pondérale et lémaciation et
linsuffisance pondérale a été trouvé. Par consequent, l'étude suggére que, lorsqu’on eradique
la malnutrition des enfants de moins de cing ans , les trois types de malnutrition doivent étre
corrigées. Il suggére également de renforcer la politique sur ’éducation des gens dans la
planification du number d’enfants nés a eux.
Motsclés: Retard de croissance, insuffisance pondérale, €maciation, objectifs de development
du millénnaire, la modélisation conjointe.
| 8 |
Author(s):
Nathalie Mondain, Valérie Delaunay, Valérie Ouédraogo.
Page No : 2355-2368
|
Reporting results back in Health and demographic surveillance systems (HDSS): an ethical requirement and a strategy for improving health behaviours
Abstract
This paper addresses the issue of reporting results back in Health and demographic
surveillance systems (HDSS). In these particular research platforms, populations are
constantly solicited through the longitudinal demographic follow-up and additional surveys.
Therefore, reporting results back directly to participants should be considered as a strong
ethical requirement. However, like in most health oriented research, results are mostly
disseminated among decision makers and local authorities. Therefore, HDSS residents
increasingly question the objectives of these studies. Using a participatory approach, 3 days
were organized in 2015 to report back findings based on 50 years of research on population,
health and environment in the Niakhar HDSS in Senegal. Drawing from the evaluation
conducted among a sample of participants to the event, we show that beyond the ethical
dimension, such activities may also contribute to change populations’ attitudes to research
practices and further influence individuals’ health behaviors at the local level.
Keywords: Demographic and health surveillance systems; Ethics; Report results back;
behavioral change; Participatory approach
| 9 |
Author(s):
Collins Juma , Donatien Beguy and Blessing Mberu.
Page No : 2368-2375
|
Levels of and Factors Associated with Birth Registration in the slums of Nairobi
Abstract
In this paper, we use data from the Nairobi Cross-sectional Slum Survey 2012 to examine levels and
factors associated with birth registration in Nairobi slums. We used descriptive statistics and logistic
regression and data of |719 children aged 0-5 years drawn from 4564 households. We find that children
who are at least 3 years, who were born to mothers aged at least 25 years, of Kikuyu/Meru/Embu
ethnic groups, who were delivered in health facilities and in the presence of a health professional are
more likely to be registered and to have a birth certificate. While education has no net significant effect
on birth registration, women with no education, are more likely to get a birth certificate for their
children. We recommend interventions by government and civil society to allow birth registration in
slum health facilities as well as having outreach programs in informal schools within slums.
| 10 |
Author(s):
Sainan Zhang, Edilberto Loaiza, and Rachel Snow.
Page No : 2376-2392
|
Sub-national Estimates of Human Capital Indicators: Localizing Investments for the Demographic Dividend
Abstract
Declining fertility in many countries of Africa and Asia combined with a growing proportion of
people of working age is opening potential for a demographic dividend in many countries. A
demographic dividend is defined as the economic benefit that can arise when a population has
a relatively large proportion of working age people coupled with a history of effective human
capital investment. Adopting the Global Agenda Council policy framework on achieving a
demographic dividend, this research has developed a method for measuring human capital
needs at the national and sub-national level by using a “demographic dividend index’. By
mapping the dependency ratios and human capital indicators of the districts of Nepal, this
paper illustrates an innovative descriptive method for showing policy makers the priority
geographic areas for investments that will maximize prospects for a demographic dividend.
Besides the identification of priority districts using the index, the research visualizes the spatial
distribution of each indicator, as well as further disaggregates the indicators by urban/rural and
gender. This disaggregated data is helpful in identifying the key issues within districts, as well
as reducing urban/rural and gender inequality in each district level. The findings provide
important insights pertaining to place of residence and gender issues.
Key Words: demographic dividend, human capital, empowerment, education, employment
| 11 |
Author(s):
Mercy Shoko, Mark A. Collinson, Lesego Lefakane, Kathleen Kahn, Stephen M. Tollman.
Page No : 2403-2412
|
What can we learn about South African households by comparing the national Census 2011 with the Agincourt Health and Demographic Surveillance System data in rural northeast Mpumalanga?
Abstract
Households are central to demographic processes; fertility, mortality and migration. In South Africa,
households are important socio-economic units that are at the core of service-delivery planning. While
the concept of a household in the country is not in dispute across surveys — it is a socio-economic unit
based on shared resources and co-residency - household definitions vary by enumeration methodology.
Researchers have, however, not taken full advantage of the availability of the multiple data sources for
measuring demographic phenomena. Among the sources of household data in the country are health
and demographic surveillance systems and the national census, which are used together in this study to
examine the population and household dynamics in a rural sub-district of South Africa. Key findings are
that there are obvious differences in the population and household estimates between the two data
sources, largely explained by the variations in household definition and data collection procedures.
Keywords: South Africa; Agincourt; household; census; migration
| 12 |
Author(s):
Michel Garenne.
Page No : 2403-2414
|
A century of nuptiality decline in South Africa: A longitudinal analysis of census data
Abstract
The study uses data from eight censuses conducted between 1970 and 2011 to reconstruct
long term trends in terminal celibacy in South Africa. The cohort analysis covers those born
between 1870 and 1971. Results show a quasi-stable prevalence of terminal celibacy for
cohorts born before 1920, followed by a steep rise. Levels and trends were notably different
for the four population groups. Black/Africans had the highest level at endpoint (50% celibate),
despite lower levels at onset, followed by Coloured (34%). Indian/Asian had the lowest level at
endpoint (14%). White/European had highest levels at onset, and intermediate values at
endpoint (17%). Differences were large by ethnicity, Zulu and Swazi having the highest
prevalence of terminal celibacy (60%). Correlations with development were complex, with
higher values among persons with lower education, and those living in urban areas, and lower
values among those who were employed. Overall, cultural factors dominated the rise in
terminal celibacy in South Africa.
Key words: Terminal celibacy; Marriage; Cultural factors; Race; Ethnicity; Socio-economic
factors; Education; Urbanization; Employment; Economic development; South Africa.
| 13 |
Author(s):
Ntoimo Lorretta Favour Chizomam, Odimegwu Clifford 0, Dansou Justin, Ola Tolulope M.
Page No : 2416-2430
|
Consensual Union in West Africa
Abstract
One of the major changes in family formation is the increasing tendency for people to enter into co-
resident patterning without formalising the union through religious, civil or traditional rites. Despite the
implications, this nuptiality behavior which is well documented in the more developed regions, has
received negligible scholarly attention in Africa. Using three ranks of DHS surveys (1998-2014) in
twelve countries, this study examined the levels, trends, individual and contextual factors associated
with consensual union in West Africa. Descriptive results showed a rising trend in consensual union in
the sub-region. Multilevel logistic regression analysis suggests that individual-level factors associated
with consensual union included education, spousal age gap, second and higher order union, premarital
birth, age at first sex, number of sons among others. Contextual predictors were community poverty
level, proportion of educated women and proportion of divorced and separated women. Given the
health and welfare implications of consensual union, the findings underscore the need for policies and
programmatic interventions to protect women in consensual unions, and to extend the benefits of
formal marriage to consensual union in case of break up.
| 14 |
Author(s):
Janet Naisoi Mashara.
Page No : 2431-2443
|
Factors influencing fertility preferences of currently married men in Keny
Abstract
Fertility preferences are central in determining the future fertility of the society particularly
where and when those desires are implemented. The socio-cultural structures in most African
communities have given men the mandate to decide in all aspects of life including family sizes
and fertility behaviors. Information on fertility preference in Kenya especially regarding men is
very scanty. This study therefore specifically sought to establish the effects of socio-
demographic; socio-economic; and socio-cultural factors on fertility preference of currently
married men in Kenya. Data was drawn from sample size of 1,757 married men aged 15-54
years who were asked questions on various topics including fertility preference during the
2008/9 KDHS. The study findings revealed that age, number of living children, education,
region, occupation, type of marriage and number of living sons were significant factors
associated with the desire for additional children at 0.001, 0.01 and 0.05 significance level. In
conclusion, fertility preference of currently married men in Kenya is influenced mainly by
demographic (age & Number of living children); socio-economic (education & region) and
socio-cultural factors (type of marriage & Number of living sons). Recommendations: i)
Education for men should be emphasized because education was discovered to have a
significant negative effect on the fertility preference; ii) Policies that aim at integrating
population into development should be encouraged so as to foster socio-economic
development in all the regions and hence minimize the regional disparities as it relates to
fertility preferences; iii) Further studies, both qualitative and quantitative, to be carried out in
order to explore the socio-cultural religious beliefs, norms and attitudes of men in regards to
the value of children; v) Qualitative studies needs to be conducted in the North Eastern region
to find out the driving forces for glaringly high fertility preference other than low literacy level.
Key Words: Fertility preference, Desire for Additional Children, Sex preference, Education,
age.
| 15 |
Author(s):
Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe, Erhabor Sunday Idemudia.
Page No : 2444-2457
|
Survival Analysis and Determinants of Timing of First Birth after Marriage in Nigeria
Abstract
This study assessed the dynamics of First Birth Interval (FBI) after marriage, its determinants as well as
relationship between fertility and FBI among women of reproductive age in Nigeria. We right-censored
FBI of women aged 15-49 years using 2013 Nigeria DHS data, used Kaplan Meier survival function to
monitor the timings and Cox Proportional Hazard (CPH) and Generalized Gamma (GG) regression to
model factors affecting FBI. The median FBI in Nigeria was |.75 years and decreased with delayed age
at marriage. Women with higher education have shorter FBI (TR=0.86(95% Cl: 0.85-0.88)). Urban
women were more likely to have earlier FBI (HR=1.28 95% Cl: 1.24-1.32)). Fertility was significantly
associated with FBI. The longer the FBI the lower the fertility level and vice versa except for women
aged 15-19 years. Age at marriage, educational attainment, wealth status and residence were the main
determinants of timing of first birth after marriage in Nigeria.
Keywords: first birth interval, Cox proportional hazard, Generalized Gamma model, fertility.
| 16 |
Author(s):
Joy A. Osifo, Olufunmilayo I. Fawole, Adebola A. Adejimi, Oluwakemi A. Sigbeku.
Page No : 2458-2472
|
Association between mothers experience of intimate partner violence and under-five morbidity in Nigeria
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore association between Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) and illness in
childhood. The study was a secondary data analysis of the 2008 Nigeria Demographic Health Survey
(NDHS), involving use of a stratified, 2-stage cluster sampling technique to select 21,160 women with
at least one child < 5 years old. Main exposure was experience of past-year IPV prior to survey.
Outcome measured were risk of fever, acute respiratory infection (ARI) and diarrhoea within the past 2
weeks. The mean ages of women and children were 29+6.8 years and 27+ 17.1 months respectively.
Prevalence of past-year IPV was 72.6%. Main predictors of under-five morbidity were sexual and
physical IPV experience of mothers (AOR: 1.632; Cl: 1.419-1.879) and (AOR: 1.17; Cl: 1.02-1.36)
respectively. Interventions aimed at improving child morbidity status should target protection of
mothers from physical and sexual violence perpetration by partners.
Keywords: IPV, Under-five, morbidity, Association, NDHS
| 17 |
Author(s):
Emmanuel O. Olamijuwon, Jeremy Gumbo.
Page No : 2473-2481
|
Fertility behaviour in Uganda: Does partner age difference matter?
Abstract
High fertility in developing countries often strains socio-economic resources and impedes the
achievements of national policies and individual goals. In this study, we investigated the effect of partner
age difference on fertility in Uganda, a high fertility country in Sub-Sahara Africa. Data was drawn from
the 2011 Uganda Demographic and Health Survey. Poisson regression model was used to isolate the
effect partner age difference on fertility. Our findings from both unadjusted and adjusted regression
models suggested that partner age difference had no effect on fertility in Uganda. However, the
observed direction of flow was that; women with younger partners had slightly lower fertility (IRR:0.97
C1:0.8446-1.1159) while those with older partners by |-5years had slightly higher fertility (IRR:1.05
C1:0.9532-|.1652) relative to women whose age was not different from their partners’.
Keywords: age difference, fertility, Uganda, partners, DHS.
| 18 |
Author(s):
Frank Mubiru, Leornard K. Atuhaire, Yovani Moses Lubaale and Robert Wamala.
Page No : 2483-2494
|
Predictors of time to first birth after first marriage among women in Uganda
Abstract
The objective of this paper was to investigate factors associated with time to first birth after
first marriage among women in Uganda. The assessment was made using data sourced from
the 2011 Uganda Demographic and Health survey. The analysis was done using a time-to-
event approach involving life tables, log-rank and the Cox Proportional Hazards model. In the
results, the median time to first birth after first marriage was 2 years (range, 1-36). The key
predictors of having a live birth after first marriage were loss of a pregnancy either
spontaneously or induced, knowledge of ovulation cycle and late sexual debut (p < 0.05). In
particular, the chances of first birth after first marriage were lower among women who had
ever lost a pregnancy and women having their sexual intercourse at a later age. On the
contrary, the chances of having a first child after marriage were higher among women at
higher ages at first marriage and those who were aware of their ovulation cycle.
Keywords: First marriage, time to first birth, Uganda
| 19 |
Author(s):
Kennedy Eborka, John Lekan Oyefara.
Page No : 2495-2505
|
Irregular migration and coping strategies of undocumented migrants: A qualitative perspective from irregular returnees in Lagos State, Nigeria
Abstract
This study examined the dynamics of irregular migration and coping strategies of irregular migrants
among irregular returnees in Nigeria. The aim was to understand the patterns of irregular migration,
coping strategies of irregular migrants, and condition of homeland among irregular returnees. The study
adopted the non-experimental research design and used qualitative tools to capture important nuances,
impressions and anecdotes from thirty-eight (38) respondents in Lagos State. Data were gathered by In-
depth Interviews (IDIs) and analyzed through manual content analysis. Results indicate that economic
factors tend to influence irregular migration, especially among those who go by land; while a number of
migrants in irregular situation adopt different strategies such as changing their real names and engaging
in underground jobs in destination places to cope. Furthermore, many irregular returnees were unable
to acquire useful skills or raise capital during their stay; this made efforts towards self-improvement and
contribution to homeland development difficult.
Keywords: Nigeria, deportation, irregular, migrants, returnees.
| 20 |
Author(s):
Inocent Moyo, M D Nicolau.
Page No : 2506-2519
|
Remittances and development: Zimbabwean migrant teachers in South Africa and their impact on their Zimbabwean families
Abstract
This paper contends that the unprecedented migration of Zimbabwean teachers into South Africa has
transformed the well-being of their families in Zimbabwe positively. In some cases, poverty at
household level has even been alleviated as a result of remittances sent to Zimbabwean households of
the Zimbabwean teachers in South Africa. On the strength of human development impacts such as
increased household income and consumption, savings and asset accumulation, improved access to
health and nutrition and access to better education identified in this research, it is possible to
hypothesize that professional Zimbabwean migrant teachers in South Africa who maintain ties with
their home country do indeed make a positive contribution to their own families’ and households’
human development needs back home in Zimbabwe.
Keywords: Zimbabwean migrant teachers, poverty, migrant families, households, human development
| 21 |
Author(s):
John Lekan Oyefara' and Bamidele Omotunde Alabi.
Page No : 2520-2532
|
Socio-economic Consequences of Development-induced Internal Displacement and the Coping Strategies of Female Victims in Lagos Nigeria: An ethno-demographic Study.
Abstract
The plethora of violent strife, man-made or natural disasters, economic vicissitudes, and
major development schemes have swelled the number refugees and internally displaced
people, in the developing countries of the world lately. Statistics revealed that there are over
55 million people in this dire situation globally consisting of over 38 million internally
displacedpeople, over 16 million refugees and over 1 million asylum-seekers. This study
highlights the impacts, the socio-economic consequences of development-induced internal
displacement on females in the Lagos urban space, evaluating the coping strategies
employed by them. This is a qualitative study that employed a combination of key informant
and in-depth interview methods to generate primary data from the samples purposively
drawn from the population of interestwhich comprised people forcibly evicted from Badia, in
Lagos State, Nigeria. The interviews were conducted from Tuesday 14th to Thursday 16th
October 2014 using unstructured interview guide. The study establishes thatforcible eviction
and the consequent displacements brought a myriad of economic, social and psychological
hardships on the female victims in Badia, to which they were compelled to devise various
ingenious survival and coping strategies. The study ascertains that women cope better
emotionally and economically than men in such circumstances and it also found that
extended family members are a significant pillar of support to displaced persons.
Keywords: Refugees, Internally Displaced Women, Forced Eviction, Impoverishment,
Coping Strategies
| 22 |
Author(s):
Yannick Brice KOUOGUENG YEYOUOMO.
Page No : 2533-2549
|
The effects of fertility on the level of insertion of women in the labor market in Cameroon
Abstract
The total fertility rate remains high in Cameroon while women are more affected by inactivity,
unemployment and underemployment compared to men. This study aims to analyze the
effects of fertility on the level of insertion of women in the labor market in that country. The
level of insertion in the labor market is measured by a composite indicator constructed from
five related employment variables. Breaking from most of the prior studies, which have
addressed the same issue, infertility is used as instrumental variable of the fertility and an
ordinal multinomial logistic regression model is applied to run an econometric analysis from
the 2011 DHS country data. The results reveal that the presence of under- five children in the
households negatively affects the level of insertion of women in the labor market in Cameroon.
Nevertheless, that relationship depends on the education level of women as expected, but not
on their standards of living. Given that the more educated women are, the less is the
importance of the negative effects of their fertility on their insertion level in the labor market,
the policies which aim to improve the women’s education and training should be strengthened.
Keywords: Fertility, Infertility, insertion of women, labor market
JEL Classification: C21, C25, C26, D13, E24, J13, J22
| 23 |
Author(s):
Peter Kisaakye and Tom A. Moultrie.
Page No : 2564-2574
|
An analysis of calendar data: examining contraceptive use dynamics in Uganda
Abstract
The analysis of contraceptive calendar data offers a valuable and useful approach to enhancing our
understanding of patterns of contraceptive use in the developing world. Effective use of modern
contraception is believed to be the surest way to plan for births and avert unwanted fertility. Despite
the role that contraception plays in reducing fertility, sexually active women (especially those in sub-
Saharan Africa), continue to grapple with unwanted and mistimed pregnancies. In many instances, this
results in unsafe induced abortion, with its attendant risks to maternal health. Sub-optimal use of
contraception is likely to attenuate fertility transition in the region. Using calendar data from two
Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in Uganda, we adopt a longitudinal approach to examine
method discontinuation and switching patterns following stopping use of a contraceptive method.
Discontinuation of methods was more pronounced among women using the pill and injection. The
findings provide a basis for a discussion on the implications of reproductive behaviour in sub-Saharan
Africa.
Key words: Calendar data, discontinuation, switching, Uganda
Peter Kisaakye is a doctoral student at the Centre for Actuarial Research, University of Cape Town.
Tom A Moultrie is professor of demography and director of the Centre for Actuarial Research, University
of Cape Town.
| 24 |
Author(s):
Grace Chisamya' and Adrian Gauci.
Page No : 2575-2584
|
Keeping or catching up? Population dynamics and education in Africa
Abstract
Africa will account for 80 percent of the 4 billion increase in world population by 2100. A
demographic transition with an increase in its working age population provides a window of
opportunity which if reaped will lead to a “demographic dividend” for accelerated growth. In
Africa, declining mortality yet combined with high fertility rates constitute unusual population
dynamics of developing countries. The dividend is underpinned by adequate skill profiles.
Using secondary data sources on education, population trends and fiscal allocation this paper
shows that keeping up with increased student intake has somewhat compromised quality of
education and adequate skills. In particular the fiscal allocation to education seems not to be
aligned to increased student intake further contributing to the challenge of educational quality.
The results show that population change contribute only 6 percent change in educational unit
allocation thus compromising the possible dividend.
Keywords: population dynamics, education quality, fiscal allocation
| 25 |
Author(s):
Zahia OQuadah-Bedidi, Jacques Vallin, Ibtihel Bouchoucha.
Page No : 2585-2600
|
Disparités géographiques de fécondité et de nuptialité en Tunisie : divergences et convergences’
Abstract
Résumé
De 1965 a 1999, la fécondité tunisienne est tombée de 7,5 a 2,1 enfants par femme et s’est ensuite
maintenue a ce niveau pendant plus de dix ans. De son cété, lage moyen au premier mariage des
femmes, dont la forte augmentation a été un facteur important de la maitrise de la fécondité, s’est
stabilisé dés la fin des années 1980. Passé de 21 4 29 ans, il n’a guére bougé depuis. Ces faits sont
connus au niveau national, mais leur diversité géographique l’est beaucoup moins. Pour analyser cette
derniére, plusieurs sources de données, souvent difficiles d’accés, ont été mobilisées. Elles nous
permettent de voir que tant du cété de la fécondité que de celui de la nuptialité, la géographie a
beaucoup changé. Non seulement partout la fécondité a profondément baissé tandis que l’A€ge moyen
au premier mariage des femmes augmentait trés forternent, mais les disparités régionales ont beaucoup
évolué. Aprés une phase de forte divergence, les fécondités régionales ont convergé vers le taux de
remplacement. Quant a la carte de l’age au mariage, elle s'est complétement inversée. II en résulte que
les rapports entre la diversité régionale de la fécondité et celle de la nuptialité ne sont ni simples ni trés
affirmés.
Mots-clés : Tunisie, fécondité, taux de fécondité totale, nuptialité, age moyen au premier mariage,
disparités géographiques
From 1965 to 1999, Tunisian fertility fell from 7,5 children per women to 2,1, and then kept that
replacement level for more than 10 years before rising slightly. On its side, female mean age at
marriage, the huge increase of which (from 21 to 29 years) was a prominent factor of fertility decrease,
stabilized at the end of the 1980s. Facts are well known at the national level but to what extent national
means result from contrasted changes at the regional one remains quite unclear. To analyze
geographical disparities, various sources, often difficult to access, were mobilized. They allowed seeing
that for both fertility and nuptiality geography changed a lot. Not only fertility fell down deeply while
women age at first marriage increased a lot everywhere, but regional diversity changed dramatically.
After a step of steady divergence regional fertilities converged towards the replacement level almost
perfectly. Concerning the map of age at marriage, it reversed completely. As a consequence, the
relations between regional diversities of fertility and nuptiality are neither simple nor well asserted.
Keywords: Tunisia, fertility, total fertility rates, nuptiality, mean age at first marriage, geographical
diversity
| 26 |
Author(s):
Zan L. Moussa.
Page No : 2601-2613
|
Politiques de population et réduction de la fécondité au Burkina Faso : limites et perspectives
Abstract
Résumé
Cet article vise 4 comprendre l’action des politiques de population sur la pratique contraceptive et la
fécondité selon le niveau d’instruction et le milieu de résidence au Burkina Faso. II utilise les données
issues des Enquétes démographiques et de santé de 1998 et 2010 du Burkina Faso ainsi que la méthode
de la décomposition des sources du changement. Il y ressort que les politiques de planification fariliale
ont eu d’importants effets sur la connaissance et la pratique contraceptive. Cependant, |’impact de la
pratique contraceptive moderne sur la baisse de la fécondité reste assez limité, montrant ainsi
importance des autres politiques de développement dans la baisse de la fécondité. Nous
recommandons une poursuite des politiques de planification familiale mais |’Etat doit aussi mettre
accent sur l’accés des filles et des femmes a l'éducation et ’'amélioration des conditions de vie des
populations.
Mots clés
Fécondité
: Politique de population, Planification familiale, Contraception, Croissance démographique,
This article aims to understand the action of population policies on contraceptive use and fertility
according to the variation of level of education and residence area in Burkina Faso. It uses data from the
Burkina Demographic and health survey of 1998 and 2010 and the “method of decomposition”. It
appears that family planning policies have had important effects on contraceptive knowledge and use.
However, the impact of modern contraceptive use on fertility decline is quite limited thus showing the
importance of other development policies in the fertility decline. We recommend a continuation of
family planning policies but the country must be focusing on the access of girls and women to education
and the improvement of living conditions of the population.
Keywords: Population policy, Family Planning, Contraception, Population Growth, Fertility
| 27 |
Author(s):
Abdoul Moumouni Nouhou.
Page No : 2614-2628
|
Liberté reproductive et recours a la contraception : les influences religieuse et sociale au Niger
Abstract
Résumé
Cette étude examine le réle de l'entourage social et de la religion sur l'opinion des femmes nigériennes
au sujet du contréle de naissances. Elle utilise des données collectées par une enquéte réalisée en 2014
auprés d'un échantillon de 2004 femmes agées de |5 a 49 ans. Les résultats montrent que les femmes
approuvent le contréle des naissances lorsqu'il s‘entend comme un recours a la contraception moderne
pour espacer les naissances, mais non comme un choix du nombre d'enfants a avoir, au prix d'une
éventuelle limitation des naissances. L'entourage social et la religion jouent un réle important sur
l'acceptation du contréle de naissances. Les consceurs de la communauté influencent principalement les
femmes moins religieuses alors que les plus religieuses sont surtout influencées par leur mari et les
leaders religieux. Cependant, la religiosité de la ferme ne détermine pas son expérience contraceptive.
Celle-ci dépend surtout de ses attitudes face au contréle de naissances.
Mots clés: entourage social, religiosité, femmes, contrdle des naissances, Niger
Reproductive freedom and contraception use: religious and social influences in Niger
This paper studies the role of the social context and of religiosity on the opinions of Niger women
about birth control. We use data from a survey realized in 2014 on a sample of 2004 women aged [5-
49 years. Results highlight that women do approve birth control when it means using modern
contraception for birth spacing, but not for choosing their number of children and therefore the
possible recourse to contraception for limiting births. Women’s social context and _ religiosity
significantly influence their acceptance of birth control. Less religious women are mainly influenced by
other women from the community, whereas husbands and religious leaders are the main references of
the more religious ones. Yet, women’ religiosity does not determine their contraceptive experience
which rather depends on their attitude towards birth control.
Keywords: social context, religiosity, women, birth control, Niger
| 28 |
Author(s):
Mark A. Collinson, Michael J. White, Carren Ginsburg, F. Xavier Gomez-Olivé, Kathleen Kahn, Stephen Tollman.
Page No : 2629-2639
|
Youth migration, livelihood prospects and demographic dividend: A comparison of the Census 201 1 and Agincourt Health and Demographic Surveillance System in the rural northeast of South Africa
Abstract
The 2011 South African national census shows a cohort of young adults comprising an increasing share of the
population. This finding is borne out in longitudinal data from the Agincourt Health and Demographic Surveillance
System (HDSS). This primarily descriptive paper uses the Agincourt HDSS to examine the migration, employment
and unemployment patterns in young adults. The study reveals high levels of temporary labour migration linking rural
areas to metropolitan areas and secondary urban places. The type of work conducted by young adults in the
Agincourt population is predominantly unskilled labour for both sexes. However, there is some evidence of female
employment increasing in more educated sectors. Across all working ages there is pronounced unemployment, but
the main pressure is felt by the younger adult population. Education and skills development for both sexes should be
strengthened to support the country’s efforts to vastly improve labour force participation amongst the youth.
Keywords: demographic dividend, youth, employment, internal migration, South Africa, census, Health and
Demographic Surveillance System
| 29 |
Author(s):
Chinwe R. Nwanna‘and Michael O.N Kunnuji.
Page No : 2640-2652
|
Domestic violence by women against their intimate partners in Nigeria
Abstract
Victims of domestic violence (DV) are more often than not, women and children. However, studies
have shown that men are also victims of DV. The main objective of this article is to assess the
predictors of DV against men in Nigeria. Data were generated from the 2013 NDHS. Using SPSS
version 21 and multivariate logistic regression analysis, the findings indicated that region, education,
marital and employment status, experience of violence and partners’ alcohol consumption were
significant predictors of DV against men. Highly educated, divorced and separated, employed women,
those respondents whose husbands/partners drank alcohol, women who had experienced domestic
violence and those who resided in the North-East (OR=7.967; p<0.001), North-Central (OR=1.623,
P<0.05), South-East (OR=2.161; p<0.001) and South-South (OR=1.936 p<0.001) zones were more
likely than women from the South West to perpetrate violence against their husbands/partners. We
recommend that couples should be counselled and educated about the dangers of domestic violence
and vulnerable men should be encouraged to speak out.
Keywords: Domestic violence, husbands/partners, Intimate Partner Violence, male victims, female
perpetrators
| 30 |
Author(s):
Nicole De Wet and Jeremy Gumbo.
Page No : 2653-2663
|
“Let’s live together first”: A longitudinal investigation into whether cohabitation is a precursor to marriage among young urban South Africans.
Abstract
The prevalence of cohabitation is increasing globally. Often studied as an alternative to marriage,
cohabitation practices are rarely studied as a precursor to marriage. In identifying if cohabitation is a
step leading to marriage, we are better able to understand the popularity of this union type. Using
longitudinal data from the Cape Area Panel Survey (CAPS 2002- 2006), this study examines if
cohabitation is a precursor to marriage among youth in South Africa. Descriptive statistics and
regression models are used. A sample of 7,305 youth in cohabiting relationships in 2002 was followed
up. In 2006, only 87 of these youth reported being married. Cohabitation was found to produce lower
odds (OR=0.21; p-value<0.05) of marriage in 2006. Females and unemployed youth were more likely
to get married than males and employed youth in the study. Therefore, cohabitation is not a precursor
to marriage among youth in the short-term. A longitudinal study with a longer duration is
recommended as it is possible that this study is limited by the short duration between waves of data
collection.
Keywords: cohabitation, youth, longitudinal, marriage, CAPS, South Africa
| 31 |
Author(s):
Nomsa Mahlalela, Pranitha Maharaj.
Page No : 2664-2670
|
Acceptability and use of female condoms among young people in South Africa
Abstract
The female condom was introduced more than two decades ago and remains the only female-initiated
tool available that provides dual protection for women. The aim of this study to explore acceptability
and potential demand for the female condom in Durban, South Africa. The study draws on [5 in-depth
interviews with young women aged I8 to 30 years who reported that they had ever used the female
condom in the past. The findings highlight a number of factors that facilitate and inhibit female condom
use. Protection from sexually transmitted infections (including HIV) and pregnancy prevention facilitates
the use of the device. In addition, students expressed positive attitudes towards the female condom and
prefer it over other contraceptive methods because it offers them dual protection. Absence of side
effects, and greater power and autonomy to initiate safer sex are other factors that facilitate use.
Inadequate availability, insertion difficulties, and stigma serve as significant barriers to consistent female
condom use.
Keywords: Female Condom Use, Acceptability, Young Women, South Africa.
| 32 |
Author(s):
Kenabetsho Bainame, Serai D Rakgoasi, Mpho Keetile and Motsholathebe Bowelo.
Page No : 2671-2689
|
Sexuality Education and Men’s Sexual and Reproductive Health Practices in a high HIV Prevalence Setting: Does Exposure to Sexuality Education Improve Sexual and Reproductive Health Outcomes in Botswana?
Abstract
Exposure to sexuality education is expected to have a positive effect on an individual’s sexual and HIV
risk practices and behaviors in later life. This paper uses data from the 2007 Botswana Family Health
survey (BFHS-2007) to investigate the association between exposure to sexuality education in schools
and men’s sexual and reproductive health practices. The BFHS-2007 sampled 4030 men between ages
of 12-29 years, and solicited responses on a wide range of issues, including exposure to sexuality
education, sexual and reproductive practices; fertility as well as partner characteristics. About 82% of
men were exposed to sexuality education, of which silightly more than 50% have had sexual initiation.
A high percentage of respondents who have not received sexuality education would have not used a
condom at sexual debut and would have desired a child. The paper concludes that if introduced early,
sexuality education improves life skills in sexual initiation, condom use and childbearing.
Key words: HIV, Sexuality education, health, reproductive practices, fertility, partner
| 33 |
Author(s):
Olatunji Babatola and Emily Ojukwu.
Page No : 2690-2704
|
Risky-Sexuality and the Perceptual Assessment of the Intervention Constituencies: A gender Analysis of Lagos’ School-based Adolescents
Abstract
The inadequacies of the typical study designs and the parameters employed in the performance-
assessment of adolescents’ sexual-behavioural interventions in the context of HIV/AIDS, provoked this
study. It examines risky-sexuality of gender-categorized adolescents; their access to intervention actors
and relevance-ascription to existing interventions, classified by originating constituencies. Using a
questionnaire administered by purposive-cum-random sampling techniques to final-year Senior
Secondary School students, in Lagos, Nigeria, it collected information on parental backgrounds;
personal sexuality attributes; exposure to agents-cum-instruments of sexual behavioural re-orientation;
and personal assessment of benefitted interventions from the specified constituencies. Findings indicate
that both genders which converge appreciably on some personal/parental attributes, contrast on risky-
sexuality attributes, and in their relative exposure to constituency-differentiated interventions. Statistical
hypothesis shows both genders contrasting on relevance-ascription to intervention constituencies. The
study conclusively canvassed for improvement in male-intervention attention, including extending the
current analytical-purview to include correlate-analysis of relevance-ascription, and other concerns that
broaden intervention-researches’ usefulness.
Keywords: Adolescent, Interventions agents, Intervention Constituencies, Risky-sexuality.
| 34 |
Author(s):
Ssebiryo Francis Exavious.
Page No : 2705-2721
|
Disparities in HIV/AIDS Progression among Children A Case of Uganda
Abstract
Background: The chronic nature of HIV/AIDS requires many resources in its management, yet
knowledge on the rates of HIV infection transition from one stage to another is scanty. To shed light on
this, we used a lifecourse theoretical perspective to appraise the chronological effect of demographic
and socioeconomic factors on the lifecourse of HIV-AIDS progression among children. Methods: A 136
months retrospective follow-up of 59 children aged 0-15 for survival analysis. Results: Children
contributed 5,108 person months on HIV infection lifecourse of which 55% is lived with asymptomatic
stage. The duration of exposure to HIV infection contributed in each stage decreases with progressive
amplification in the infection. Age at initiation of treatment, caregivers, father’s survival and religious
affiliation causes disparities in HIV infection progression. Conclusion: To optimize HIV infection survival
time, HIV/AIDS care and treatment should strive to maintain HIV infection within asymptomatic levels
yet initiating treatment on the earliest time possible.
Keywords: HIV/AIDS Survival-time, HIV-infection-progression, H|V-infection stages, HIV/AIDS-
lifecourse, ART, Disparities
| 35 |
Author(s):
Ganzamungu Zihindula, Kwaku Oppong Asante, Anna Meyer-Weitz, Olagoke Akintola.
Page No : 2722-2734
|
HIV/AIDS Perceptions and Vulnerability of Democratic Republic of Congo’s Refugees Living in Durban, South Africa
Abstract
In South Africa, public perceptions of HIV/AIDS and people living with the virus have changed
significantly but the refugees’ communities are mostly left out, creating a sense of fear and vulnerability.
Using an exploratory qualitative approach, this study explores HIV/AIDS perception and vulnerability
among refugees living in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. A semi-structured interview was
conducted with 31 purposively sampled participants consisting of seven males and 24 females, aged 23
to 60 years. The results from thematic analysis revealed that low perceived risk of HIV infection, fear of
knowing HIV status and its associated stigma, lack of HIV prevention information and inadequate
knowledge about HIV were the factors that make refugees vulnerable to HIV infection. These findings
underscore the need for culturally appropriate HIV treatment, awareness, and education and
prevention programmes for refugees living in South Africa, with particular focus on gender and power
dynamics within relationships.
Keywords: HIV/AIDs perception, Vulnerability, Refuges, South Africa, DRC
| 36 |
Author(s):
Chimamaka Excellence Uzochukwu, Olufunmilayo Fawole and Ayo Stephen Adebowale.
Page No : 2735-2744
|
Women Empowerment and Modern Contraceptive Use among Married Women in Ibadan, Oyo State
Abstract
Nigeria is a male dominant society where most of the household decisions including those related to
their female partner’s health are taken by men. We examined the relationship between women
empowerment and Modern Contraceptives (MC) use in Ibadan, Nigeria where such studies is yet to be
documented. Cross-sectional survey design involving both qualitative and quantitative was used to
examine 597 women from two selected LGAs in Ibadan. Data were analyzed using Chi-square and
logistic regression models (alpha=0.05). Mean age of the women was 33.0+6.7 years, 44.4% had
secondary education, 32.2.0% was highly empowered and 69.5% used MC. Injectables (35.1%) were
the commonest MC method currently used. There was an increase in use of MC as the level of
empowerment increased, however the level of education was found to be strongly related to MC even
after controlling for other factors. Empowering women through education will promote the use of MC
in Nigeria.
Keywords: Women empowerment, Modern contraceptive, Nigeria, Ibadan, male dominant
| 37 |
Author(s):
Lillian Pazvakawambwa, Lawrence Kazembe, Nelago Indongo.
Page No : 2745-2755
|
Period-Cohort Effects Models for Sexual Debut in Namibia
Abstract
Early sexual debut is often associated with a number of social challenges. However, the hazard and risk
factors of changing pattern of age at first sex have not been fully explained. This paper investigated the
period-cchort effects by fitting flexible time-to-event models of sexual debut using retrospective cross-
sectional data of the 2000 and 2006-7 Namibian Health and Demographic Survey, to establish individual
and structural effects, and simultaneously investigated spatial frailty effects, non-linear effects of age,
cohort and period on the timing of sexual debut among women. The hazard of sexual debut reduced as
the woman’s year of birth increased suggesting a generational effect. The North Eastern parts of
Namibia were associated with a higher risk of early sexual debut compared to all other regions.
Intervention strategies should be multifaceted and involve not only schools and communities but
individual family units as they have a bigger role to play in this regard.
Keywords: sexual debut, discrete time-to-event models, Namibia
| 38 |
Author(s):
T.A Adeleke, J.O. Akinyemi, A.S. Adebowale and O.I. Fawole.
Page No : 2756-2766
|
Sexual Violence against Men Students in Tertiary Institutions in Ibadan, South-West Nigeria
Abstract
Background: The experience of violence to men in Africa has been under-researched, because
culturally it is not believed that men may be victims of abuse.
Purpose: This study determined the prevalence and factors associated with experience of Sexual
Violence (SV) to men students in tertiary institutions in a metropolitan city, South-West Nigeria.
Method: Using multistage sampling technique, 600 men students were randomly selected from two
tertiary institutions in Ibadan, Nigeria.
Result: With the level of significance set at 5% (p<0.05) and confidence interval at 95% (C.l- 95%),
prevalence of SV was 58.3%. Partners were the main (59.4%) perpetrator of SV. Approximately
18.0% victims ever sought help following abuse. Schooling level, family background, current
relationship status, alcohol consumption, and smoking status, were significantly associated with
experience of SV (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Intervention programs that addresses SV and which target students in the lower levels of
tertiary education, particularly those from polygamous families and who smoke and drink is necessary in
tertiary institutions in Ibadan and possibly other institutions in Nigeria.
Keywords: Sexual violence, Men students, Intimate partner violence (IPV), Ibadan
| 39 |
Author(s):
William Muhwava' and Gideon Rutaremwa.
Page No : 2767-2776
|
Trends in Gender Inequalities in Life Expectancies at Birth in Africa, 1950- 2015
Abstract
In this paper, life expectancies by gender are presented for countries and regions in Africa. The gender
gaps in life expectancy are calculated. Data on life expectancies by sex for African countries are available
from the UNDESA and the latest estimates of 2015 are used. Four patterns of gender gap in life
expectancy at birth trends are observed in Africa. The first group have high life expectancies and large
gender gaps and comprises of mainly small islands (Seychelles, Mauritius and Mayotte) and those in
North Africa whole life expectancy at birth has exceeded 70 years. The second group are those
countries where the gap has been stable but narrowed during the peak of the AIDS epidemic but has
started widening in recent times and comprising countries mainly in Southern Africa. Group 3 are those
countries where the gender gaps has been low over the period and have narrowed or remained
consistently low in recent times, mainly in West Africa. The last group comprises of countries where life
expectancy at birth for males exceeds that of females. Currently, Swaziland and Mali are the only
countries exhibiting this pattern. Thus, some few countries in Africa have followed trends that have
been experienced by developed countries and many have followed a different pattern.
Key words: Inequality, gender gap, life expectancy at birth, Life table.
| 40 |
Author(s):
Aline KAGAMBEGA.
Page No : 2769-2773
|
Vécu des avortements a Ouagadougou : causes et conséquences socio- psychologiques.
Abstract
L'avortement est répandu au Burkina Faso, particuligrement dans la ville de Ouagadougou. Pour
connaitre les causes et conséquences socio-psychologiques des avortements, nous avons réalisé une
étude dans la dite ville. L’objectif de cette étude était de comprendre les causes des avortements et
leurs conséquences socio-psychologiques sur les femmes puis proposer des ajustements sur les
approches déja opérationnelles. Au total, 32 entretiens individuels et une observation non participante
ont été réalisés auprés des femmes qui ont eu un avortement dans le passé, leurs proches et des
professionnels de la santé. Les résultats ont montré que les déterminants des avortements sont les
relations illégitimes, les raisons d’ordre économiques, les grossesses trop rapprochées, le refus de
paternité, le non-respect des clauses définies au début de la relation et les grossesses issues de relations
occasionnelles sans aucun projet de mariage, ni d’enfant. Des perturbations liées aux modifications des
relations entre les deux partenaires, entre les femmes ayant avorté et les membres de leur famille, puis
des stigmatisations, violences et sanctions de la part des agents de santé ont été relevées. Plusieurs
symptémes dépressifs ont été rapportés (regret, honte, douleurs morales, insomnies, crainte,
incertitude par rapport a une future grossesse, sentiment de désespoir). Des sentiments de satisfaction
ont été aussi relevés. Les effets néfastes sociaux et psychologiques des avortements sont considérables
et nécessitent une prise en charge des femmes en tenant compte de leurs besoins. Il est de ce fait
nécessaire de prévoir une prise en charge incluant les aspects médicaux, sociaux et psychologiques.
Mots clés: Causes des avortements, Conséquences socio-psychologiques, Ouagadougou.
Abortion is widespread in Burkina Faso, especially in the city of Ouagadougou. To assess the causes of
abortions and their socio-psychological consequences, we have conducted a study in this City. This
paper aims to understand causes of abortions and their socio-psychological consequences on women
who have experienced it and then propose corrective measures for the already existing operational
approaches. On the whole 32 individual interviews and one non-participating observation were
conducted with women who have already had an abortion, their relatives and healthcare professionals.
Results showed that abortions causes include forced sexual intercourses, economic constraints, a series
of pregnancies at short intervals, the non-respect of initial clauses of their relations, pregnancies from
occasional intercourses without any project of marriage or child. Conflicts due to the change in the
relationship between both partners, between aborted women and their families, stigmatizations,
violence and sanctions imposed by health practitioners were also recorded. Several depressive
symptoms were reported (regret, shame, moral pains, insomnia, fears, uncertainty as to future
pregnancy, despair). Satisfaction feelings have also been mentioned. Social and psychological
consequences of abortions are significant and require an appropriate care of women taking their needs
into account. It is therefore necessary to develop a care system that includes medical, social and
psychological aspects.
Keywords: Abortion causes, Socio-psychological consequences, Ouagadougou.
| 41 |
Author(s):
Eliud Wekesa.
Page No : 2777-2786
|
Contraception and Unintended pregnancy: The changing relationship overtime in sub-Saharan Africa.
Abstract
Contraception is hailed as one of the most important health innovation that enables women and
couples avoid unintended pregnancies. As such contraceptive prevalence is expected to be negatively
associated with unintended pregnancy. However, one study examining the relationship between
unintended pregnancy and modern contraceptive use globally has produced counter-intuitive results.
This study draws on Demographic and Health Survey data from 206 country surveys to explore if this
relationship holds when examined regionally and overtime. | find that the counter-intuitive relationship
only holds for Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Using selected countries from SSA and other regions | find that
the counter-intuitive relationship holds true at the earlier stages of the fertility transition. | conclude that
the unexpected relationship between unintended pregnancy and contraception is only temporary in the
early stages of fertility transition when the demand for contraception is higher than the ability of the
health system to satisfy it.
Keywords: Unintended Pregnancy, Contraception, Family Planning, sub-Saharan Africa
| 42 |
Author(s):
Fausta Ongaro, Silvana Salvini.
Page No : 2805-2820
|
Demographic Pressure and Development in a Gender Perspective: A focus on sub-Saharan Africa
Abstract
High fertility and demographic pressure — combined with lack of gender equality and women’s
empowerment - may put in doubt development. The aim of our analysis is to study the role played by
both the demographic pressure and social behavior on the Human Development Index (HDI) in the
sub-Saharan Africa. After analyzing the territorial variability of HDI among and into some countries at
district level in years around 1990, 2000 and 2010, we intend to understand if there is some form of
association between Municipal Human Development Index and some indicators of socio-demographic
structure.The hypothesis we want to verify is that the higher the level of demographic pressure
(expressed by dependency ratios) and the worse the social context, the lower the level of
development, according to the approach of “demographic window”. This study enriches the literature
by exploring the effect of the demographic window of opportunity on economic growth at district level
within some countries of sub-Saharan Africa, in relationship with some indicators of women’s status and
gender equality as proxies of women’s empowerment. Our results demonstrate a negative effect of the
dependent population (young and old people) and a positive effect of indices of women’s
empowerment on development. In the model explaining the relation between development,
dependency ratios and women’s empowerment at local level, the inclusion of the dummies of the
countries does not change the effects of the covariates, thus suggesting that the former relationships are
not mediated through the country-time variables.
| 43 |
Author(s):
Wanjiru Gichuhi' and Alexander M. Nasiyo.
Page No : 2821-2831
|
The Prospects of Enhancing Food Security in Kenya through the Demographic Dividend
Abstract
Kenya is starting to enter its window demographic dividend, under the assumption of declining fertility
rates over the next several decades. The country has the opportunity to exploit the first demographic
dividend by attracting and retaining youth in farming. However, studies show that Kenya is deriving very
little demographic dividend in agriculture with an increasing proportion of the country’s working age
population being inactive. The main objective of this paper is to theoretically examine the demographic
dividend, and how this window of opportunity can be utilized to enhancing food security in Kenya.
Specifically, it examines the relationship between population growth and increasing food security, with
reference to theories against, supporting and neutral. It further, describes Kenya’s youth bulge, and how
the bulge can be utilized to enhance food security. We also identify a number of mechanisms that can
be applicable to propel the youth for food security in Kenya. The paper benefited immensely from
secondary data sources and desk review for evidence.
Keywords: Harnessing demographic dividend, demographic transition, youth bulge, food security,
agriculture
| 44 |
Author(s):
Latif Dramani.
Page No : 2833-2847
|
Impact du Dividende Demographique sur la Croissance Economique au Senegal
Abstract
L’impact de la démographie sur la croissance économique a fait objet de plusieurs études, mais celles-
ci se limitent trés souvent au réle de la taille et de la croissance de la population, et négligent les effets
de la structure par age sur les performances économiques. Pourtant, étant donné que les individus
présentent des comportements économiques qui varient selon les ages, toute modification de la
structure par age d’une population a des implications sur les variables économiques. L’objectif de cet
article est d’examiner a travers la théorie de l'économie générationnelle la relation entre |’évolution de
la structure par age et la croissance économique au Sénégal. Les résultats de |’estimation a partir d’un
modéle a correction d’erreur montrent qu’une augmentation du ratio de soutien d’un point de
pourcentage se traduit par une hausse du revenu par téte de 3,7%. Le dividende démographique
s'avére donc étre une source de croissance pour l’économie sénégalaise.
Mots clés: Dividende démographique, fécondité, croissance économique, ratio de soutien, Sénégal.
Codes JEL: E01, E21, 118, J13, O55.
Several studies have examined the impact of demographics on economic growth through the effects of
the size and growth of the population, and overlook the effects of the changing age structure on
economic performance. However, since individuals have economic behaviors that vary according to
age, any change in the age structure of a population has implications on economic variables. The
purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between changing population age structure and
economic growth in Senegal. The error correction model estimation shows that an increase of one
percentage point in the support ratio is associated with an increase in per capita income of 3.7
percentage. The demographic dividend proves to be a source of growth for the Senegalese economy.
Keywords: Demographic Dividend, Fertility, Economic Growth, Support Ratio, Senegal
JEL Classification: EOI, E21, 118, J13, O55.
| 45 |
Author(s):
Aina Thompson Adeboyejo and Obidiya Mobolaji Omotayo.
Page No : 2848-2864
|
Geo-Spatial Analysis of Adolescents’ Access to and Use of Contraceptives in Osun State, Nigeria
Abstract
Against the background of high and progressively increasing unprotected sexual activities among
adolescents generally, this study analyzes the spatial pattern of adolescents’ access to and use of
contraceptives in Osun State, Nigeria. It analyses inter and intra-city variations in the distribution of
contraceptive outlets and varying levels of access and use of contraceptives by adolescents. Also factors
that affect access to and use of contraceptives are analyzed. Primary and secondary data were used for
the study. Primary data involved the use of handheld GPS to obtain the geographic coordinates of the
contraceptive outlets and those of secondary schools. Secondary data include the analogue map of the
State collected from the State’s Ministry of Land and Physical Planning, the list of all registered
pharmacies in the study area from the State’s Ministry of Health. Also, a total of |,440 questionnaires
were administered to randomly selected adolescents to collect data on the socio-demographic
characteristics of respondents, degree of access to contraceptives, and varying types and levels of use of
contraceptives. Variation in the distribution of outlets and adolescents’ use of contraceptive was analyzed
using GIS tools. The patterns of outlets and secondary schools were mapped. The results showed that
there was concentration of contraceptive outlets in the high density residential areas (60%) than in the
medium (30%) or low (10%) density residential areas and that with Rn Values of 0.86 and 1.48
respectively for Outlets and schools, there was no spatial causation between pattern of outlets and
distribution of schools. Forty-four per cent of adolescents claimed use of contraceptive devices, while
56% did not. Fifty percent of the adolescents stated that societal disapproval is a factor that hinders their
use of contraceptives. Further result showed that there was a direct but weak relationship (r = 0.449; p
= 0.561) between the pattern of outlets and use of contraceptive in the study area. The study concluded
that to reduce the problems associated with adolescents’ reproductive health, there is the need to
improve access and right usage of contraceptives.
Keywords: Geo-spatial, Analysis, Adolescents, Contraceptives Usage
| 46 |
Author(s):
James Ntozi and Felece Katusiime-Kabazeyo.
Page No : 2865-2875
|
Do Cultural Beliefs and Practices Influence Place of Delivery among Women? A case of Ibanda district, Uganda.
Abstract
The paper investigates cultural beliefs and practices that influence women’s choice of the place of
delivery in Ibanda district of Uganda. Primary survey data on 144 women aged 20-49 years, 10
traditional birth attendants (TBAs) and 5 focus group discussions were used in the analysis. Results
showed that 55% of the women delivered from home. Cultural beliefs and practices in the area
included use of herbs, burial of placenta, compression of womb, unexposed private parts and delivering
alone, but did not determine place of delivery. Multivariate analysis found that level of education and
type of housing were the most influential variables. Qualitative data identified reasons for rural women
preferring home as a place of delivery including home convenience, family support, rude behaviour by
health workers, past positive experience with home delivery, quick labour progression and preference
for TBAs. Train current TBAs to recognize and refer risky pregnancies to health facilities.
Keywords: Place of delivery, cultural beliefs and practices, influence, women, Uganda.
| 47 |
Author(s):
Tilahun Nigatu Haregu, Abdhalah K. Ziraba and Blessing Mberu.
Page No : 2876-2888
|
Integration of Solid Waste Management Policies in Kenya: Analysis of Coherence, Gaps and Overlaps
Abstract
This study examined the extent to which current solid waste management policies in Kenya are
integrated, particularly as they addressed associated health challenges among vulnerable urban
populations. The study was a critical interpretive synthesis of contents of the existing policies on solid
waste management. We examined horizontal, vertical, and diagonal policy integration as well as internal
and external integration. While general solid waste management policies are broad, the institutional and
implementation mechanisms proposed by these policies are more centralized. The sector-specific and
embedded policies are coherent with the overall theme of the policy document they are in, but they
lack mechanisms of implementation within the same policy framework. Major gaps exist in stipulating
clear policy strategies and implementation mechanisms as they address health outcomes.
Overall,
existing solid waste management policies clearly state the policy directions in terms of the required
outcomes. But explicit articulation of policy strategies and implementation mechanisms is inadequate.
Keywords: Policy integration, solid waste management, Kenya
| 48 |
Author(s):
Sally E. Findley, Henry V. Doctor, Godwin Y. Afenyadu.
Page No : 2886-2896
|
Impact of alternative community engagement strategies on improved maternal and child health behaviours and outcomes among the most vulnerable in northern Nigeria
Abstract
Low-status women typically have poorer maternal and child health outcomes. In northern
Nigeria, we piloted alternative models for engaging vulnerable women and facilitating an
improvement in their maternal health outcomes. We assess the net impact of an integrated
health system improvement model focusing on ensuring emergency obstetrical services for
clusters of affiliated primary health care clinics, on the relative additional impact of alternative
community engagement (CE) strategies. Analysis of baseline to endline survey data (2009-
2013) showed that proportions of women making antenatal care (ANC) visits and who
delivered with a skilled birth attendant doubled. Maternal and infant mortality also declined.
Greater improvements with more ANC visits and skilled birth attendance were associated
with being non-poor, owning a cell-phone, being less socially excluded, being satisfied with
improvements in the clinic, and participating more in CE activities. Efforts to increase
participation in CE activities can further enhance outcomes for the vulnerable women.
Keywords: heath systems research; community engagement; maternal and child health;
| 49 |
Author(s):
Lesego Masebe and Mmatlala Ramosebudi.
Page No : 2897-2909
|
Trends and levels of childlessness among educated women in South Africa
Abstract
In South Africa, fertility declined from 7 children per woman in the 1960's to 2.6 children per woman in
2011. The daunting situation is that in 2011 whites and Indian/Asian fertility rates were below
replacement level. Therefore, using South African censuses 2001 and 2011, the paper seeks to establish
trends and levels of childlessness among educated women. The proportions of childlessness were
calculated from women who reported that they never had children. Childlessness increased by 10%
point between women aged 25-34. Black African women had the highest proportions of childlessness.
The prevalence of childlessness was high among women with post higher degree and employed. The
highest proportions of childlessness were evident among women who were never married. Within
occupation variable, professionals and managers were childless. The majority of childless women were
residing in Gauteng and Western Cape. Across all the socio-economic variables, the levels of
childlessness increased substantially from 2001 to 2011.
Keywords: Fertility; Childlessness; Educated women; Socio-economic characteristics; South Africa
| 50 |
Author(s):
Serai D Rakgoasi and Mpho Keetile.
Page No : 2910-2919
|
“They are less worthy than us, but they are better than women….” Attitudes towards Homosexuality & Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM) In Botswana
Abstract
This paper presents the results of a study on Men, Masculinities and HIV/AIDS in Botswana’. The legal
status of same sex relationships, especially homosexuality, is quite a controversial issue in many
countries in sub-Saharan Africa, where same sex relationships are not recognised by law or even
criminalised. This makes it difficult or even impossible for sexual and reproductive health programs,
including HIV prevention and treatment programs, to address the sexual and reproductive health needs
of sexual minorities. At the same time, evidence from research shows that because they are neglected
by intervention programs, sexual minorities become at higher risk of HIV infection and other negative
SRH outcomes. Because of lack of legal recognition, sexual minorities also tend to maintain
heterosexual relationships as a cover and thus form a bridge across which their elevated risk of HIV
infection is transmitted to the rest of the population. It is for this reason that sexual minorities are
important component to HIV prevention efforts; and also why attitudes towards sexual minorities are
important.This paper uses qualitative data derived from 12 focus group discussions and 6 in-depth
interviews to explore men and women’s attitudes towards homosexuality and men who have sex with
men (MSM). The focus groups consisted of different groups of men and women, based on age; place of
residence and occupation. Women’s attitudes were more positive, with some indicating that some men
or women may opt to have same sex relationship as a strategy to deal with issues of violence and
vulnerability to HIV infection that currently characterises heterosexual sexual relationships. Men’s
attitudes on the other hand tended to be overly negative, preferring to view MSM as un-natural,
shameful and an abomination. However, even among men, there were those who held less
conservative view. However, even among these men, they felt that MSM were not real men like
themselves, and that they can only earn the trust; respect and ultimately acceptance of heterosexual
men by distinguishing themselves and demonstrating that they have the same character as other men,
such as bravery and dependability.
| 51 |
Author(s):
Rebecca Kubanjji, Ogar Rapinyana, Nthabiseng Phaladze, Kesaobaka Molebatsi.
Page No : 2920-2930
|
Correlates of intention to abstain from sex among HIV positive adolescents in Botswana
Abstract
The study assesses correlates of abstinence intention among HIV positive adolescents aged
15-19 years to identify salient behavioural, normative and control beliefs relevant to sexual
risky behaviour using the theory of reasoned action and planned behaviour. A cross sectional
survey of 98 HIV positive adolescents aged 15-19 years was conducted at a Children’s center
and from the infectious disease care clinics in Mochudi. Among 98 respondents, 56% were
females (mean age 15.80, SE=0.21) and 44% were males (mean age 15.73, SE = 0.187).
Abstinence behavioural beliefs (p<0.0001) and
abstinence normative beliefs (p=0.025) were significantly associated with intention to abstain
from sex. Investing in interventions that enhance behavioural and prevention beliefs and
promote intention to abstain would reduce the risk of reinfection, STDs and delay sexual
debut. HIV interventions targeting adolescents would help prevent new infections.
Key words: Abstinence, Adolescent, HIV, Botswana, theory of reasoned action
| 52 |
Author(s):
ZOURKALEINI Younoussi.
Page No : 2931-2942
|
Regards croisés entre projections démographiques et gestion des questions de population au Niger
Abstract
Apres la mise en ceuvre des politiques de population, depuis plus de vingt ans, le Niger détient le triple
record en termes de plus forte fécondité, plus fort taux de croissance démographique et plus bas niveau
d’indice du développement humain. Ainsi la maitrise de la croissance démographique préconisée n’est
pas assurée et les hypotheses sur lesquelles se base les projections démographiques deviennent non
probantes. Pour mettre en évidence cette contre-performance de ces politiques de population et
préciser les orientations nouvelles, cette étude présente les écarts observés entre l’indice synthétique
de fécondité projeté et celui observé, montre les enjeux sociaux économiques et politiques associés aux
nouvelles projections démographiques du systéme des Nations Unies et suggére des champs d’actions
possibles en termes de politiques et programmes a mettre en ceuvre pour assurer une maitrise de la
croissance de la population.
Mots clés : Projections démographiques, enjeux politiques, Niger.
Look met between demographic projections and management of the questions of population in
Niger
Abstract
After the implementation of the politics of population, for more than twenty years, Niger detains the
triple record in terms of higher fertility, higher demographic growth rate and lower level of index of the
human development. So the control of the recommended population growth is not to assure and the
hypotheses on which bases itself the demographic projections become not convincing. To highlight this
disappointing performance of these politics of population and specify the new orientations, this study
presents difference observed between the synthetic index of fertility planned and observed, shows the
economic and political social stakes associated to the new demographic projections of the United
Nations System and suggests possible radiuses of action in terms of politics and programs to implement
to assure a control of the growth of the population.
Keywords: Demographic projections, political stakes, Niger.
| 53 |
Author(s):
Brothers Wilright Malema’ & Moses Kagiso Keetile.
Page No : 2963-2978
|
Can Botswana Optimise on Harnessing the Demographic Dividend?
Abstract
Botswana has entered the window of opportunity as occasioned by the bulging labour force relative to
those outside. This paper seeks to give a narrative of Botswana’s population transition and drawing on
international experience endeavour to calibrate the extent to which the country might be able to
harness the dividend. To this end some variables that impact on the country’s ability to enhance
economic growth and development are analysed. The global competitiveness report has been the main
source of data used. Graphical presentations have been the mode of analysis used to calibrate on the
country’s relative competitiveness in the attraction of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). The country has
shown a trend of a loss of competitiveness against other countries of late, a factor the authors argue
could tanish the country’s prospects of harnessing the dividend.
Keywords: Demographic Dividend, Economy, Investment, Population, Employment, Fertility, Mortality
| 54 |
Author(s):
Abdoul Moumouni Nouhou, Siaka Cissé, Daouda Aba Fané, Assa Gakou Doumbia, Claudine Sauvain-Dugerdil.
Page No : 2979-2994
|
Stratégies familiales et qualité de vie au Mali a travers les données du recensement
Abstract
Par une analyse du dernier recensement malien (2009), cette étude examine dans quelle mesure la
configuration du ménage influence sa qualité de vie. Le postulat est que, selon leur composition, les
ménages développent des stratégies familiales qui leur permettent d’accéder et de valoriser plus ou
moins les ressources disponibles. Une typologie des ménages distingue cing configurations urbaines et
cing rurales dont on teste les differences de qualité de vie, telle que mesurée par le degré de
modernisation matérielle (indice de confort du logement) et la scolarisation ajustée des enfants. Les
grands ménages élargis apparaissent nettement avantageux. Mais en milieu rural, ce sont les ménages
dirigés par un chef instruit qui viennent en téte. Les ménages urbains dirigés par les femmes ne sont pas
systématiquement vulnérables, se situant juste apres les plus grands ménages. Dans les deux milieux ce
sont les trés petits, dirigés par des chefs plus jeunes ou plus a4gés qui sont les moins bien lotis.
Mots clé: Qualité de vie, confort de logement, scolarisation ajustée, type de ménage, accés aux
ressources
Family strategies and quality of life in Mali as described by the census
This paper uses the data of the latest Mali census (2009) to examine whether the composition of the
household influences its quality of life. We postulate that depending on their configuration, households
develop varying family strategies to access and valorise the resources available. A typology identifies five
urban and five rural household configurations. We analyse their differences in quality of life, the latter
being measured by the degree of material modernization (comfort of housing) and the average
schooling of children. Large extended households appear better off. However, in the rural settings,
those headed by an educated head come first. The urban households headed by a woman do not
appear to be especially vulnerable, as they rate just after the larger ones. In both settings, the worse
situation is found among very small households with younger or older heads.
Keywords : Quality of life, comfort of housing, average schooling, type of household, access to
resources.
| 55 |
Author(s):
tatut Migratoire des parents et scolarisation des enfants au Cameroun Héléne KAMDEM KAMGNO and Astadjam YAOUBA.
Page No : 2995-3005
|
Statut Migratoire des parents et scolarisation des enfants au Cameroun
Abstract
Cet article étudie les facteurs qui influencent la scolarisation des enfants de 5 4 15 ans au Cameroun,
selon le statut migratoire du parent (entendu ici comme chef de ménage), a partir de la 3°"° Enquéte
Camerounaise Auprés des Ménages (2007). Au niveau descriptif, la statistique du Khi-deux montre que
le milieu de résidence,le sexe du CM (chef de ménage),son niveau d’instruction etson statut
matrimonial, le niveau de vie du ménage, et la taille du ménage ont un lien avec la scolarisation des
enfants de 5 a 15 ans au Cameroun.Au niveau explicatif, la Régression logistique binaire révéle que le
milieu de résidence et le niveau d’instruction du CM sont des facteurs qui affectent a la fois la
scolarisation des enfants de ménages de natifs, de migrants internes et de migrants internationaux. Pour
approfondir ces résultats, il est nécessaire de mener des études plus poussées.
Mots clés : Fréquentation scolaire, natif, migrant interne, migrant international, enfant confié,
aspirations scolaires
This article examines the factors that influence the education of children of 5 to 15 years in Cameroon,
according to migratory status of the parent (understood here as head of household), from the 3rd
Cameroonian Household Survey (2007). At the descriptive level, the chi-square statistic shows that the
place of residence, educational level and gender of household head, marital status, living in the
household, and household size are related to schooling children 5 to 15 years in Cameroon. At the
explanatory level, binary logistic regression showed that the area of residence and level of education of
the household headare factors that affect both the schooling of children born households, internal
migrants and international migrants. To deepen these results, it is necessary to conduct further studies.
Keys words School attendance, native, internal migrant, international migrant, foster child,
educational aspirations
| 56 |
Author(s):
Yemi Adewoyin' and Aina Thompson Adeboyejo.
Page No : 3006-3015
|
People, Places, and Health Variations: A Case of Malaria Incidence in Ibadan, Nigeria
Abstract
This paper investigates the relationships between the population’s levels of social well-being and places
of residence, and how these underlie the incidence of malaria in a traditional African city. Using a
stratified sampling technique with population density as the parameter, a total of 15 localities from the 5
metropolitan LGAs in Ibadan typifying the low, medium and high density residential areas were selected
for the study. Questionnaires were administered on |,084 randomly selected household heads. The
data were analyzed using the Chi Square and One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) statistics, while
the aggregated scores representing respondents’ level of social well-being were correlated with the
individual’s household frequency of treating malaria using the Pearson Product Moment Correlation
technique. The results indicate that residents of low density residential areas ranked highest in social
well-being and had the best health outcomes evidenced by the lowest incidence of malaria among the
three residential classes.
Keywords: Social Wellbeing, Socioeconomic Status, Malaria, Residential Density, Health Variations
